The method is self-aligning, avoids fundamental splitting losses, and uses only local feedback loops on controllable beam splitters and phase shifters. It could be implemented with Mach-Zehnder interferometers in planar optics. The method extended to multiple simultaneous mode. Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (OADMs) are essential components in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks, enabling the selective addition and removal of specific wavelengths within an optical fiber to enhance bandwidth efficiency. With ongoing advancements, OADMs have evolved from FOADMs. Xiaolin Yi, Weike Zhao, Chenlei Li, Long Zhang, Yuluan Xiang, Chaoyue Liu, Yaocheng Shi, Liu Liu, Daoxin Dai, "Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers for hybrid mode-/wavelength-division-multiplexing systems," Adv. Nexus 2, 066004 (2023) Dealing with the increase in data workloads and. Mastering optical fiber attenuation is critical for maintaining network performance and ensuring reliable signal integrity over long distances.
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